In this article we will discuss about:- 1. Meaning of Systematics 2. Place of Systematics in Biology 3. Contribution to Biology.
Definition of Systematics:
The term systematics originated from the Latinized Greek word systema, meaning to put together. It was used by Linnaeus for the systems of classification, in the 4th edition of his book Systema Naturae in 1735.
Simpson (1961) defined the term systematics as “the scientific study of the kinds and diversity of organisms and of any and all relationships among them”. More simply, systematics can be defined as “the science of the diversity of organisms”.
In the above definition, the word “relationships” is to be understood not in any particular, narrow phylogenetic sense, but in a fully general way, including all biological interactions among organisms. The activity of systematics in studying relationships among kinds of organisms almost necessarily requires the erection of some formal system in which the organisms in question are grouped into classes and of a vocabulary by which those classes are designated.
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Thus, it involves Classification and Nomenclature. Zoological classifications are the ordering of animals into groups (or sets) on the basis of their relationships or of associations by contiguity, similarity or both. Zoological nomenclature is the application of distinctive names to each of the groups recognized in any given zoological classification.
Systematics is thus taxonomy plus the biological interrelations—breeding systems and genetics, phylogeny and evolutionary processes, biogeography and synecology. It is evident that all comparative biological sciences (comparative anatomy, comparative physiology etc.) enter into systematic as they study relationships among diverse organisms.
The relevance of biogeography to systematics is generally recognised, at least implicitly. For example, Mayr’s (1942) “Systematics and the origin of species” employs Zoogeographical data throughout. Also, Darlington’s (1957) “Zoogeography: The geographical distribution of animals” includes at least as much work in systematics as on geography.
The relevance of synecology (the study of multi-specific communities) as a branch of systematics is due to the study of relationships among diverse organisms. Autecology (the study of the relationships between particular kinds of organisms and their environments), is less directly connected with systematics, but when studied comparatively it plays the same role as other comparative biological studies in providing data for systematics, mainly in the form of associations of similarity, which is essential in the study of convergence. Genetics also is closely allied to systematics. The species problem, one of the major focus of attention in systematics, is fundamentally a genetic problem.
Place of Systematics in Biology:
1. One of the major preoccupations of systematics is to determine by comparison, what the unique properties of every species and higher taxon are?
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2. It determines what properties certain taxa have in common with each other and what the biological causes for the difference or shared characters are?
3. It concerns itself with variation within taxa.
Due to the above, systematics holds a unique and indispensable position among the biological sciences. This accessibility of organic diversity is made possible due to classification. Systematics deals with population, species and higher taxa.
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No other branch of biology occupies itself in a similar manner with such level of integration in the organic world. It not only supplies urgently needed information about these levels but, more important, it cultivates a way of thinking, a way of approaching biological problems, which is tremendously important for the balance and well-being of biology as a whole.
Contribution of Systematics to Biology:
There is immense contribution of systematics to other branches of biology and to humankind as a whole. The study of organic diversity, prior to the rise of genetics, was entirely carried out by systematists. Virtually all major evolutionary problems were brought to the forefront and solved by systematists and even today new evolutionary problems are revealed by them. A similar dependence on systematics exists in other areas of science.
Some of the noteworthy contributions are:
A. Patterned Diversity:
Organic diversity is not chaotic but patterned, revealing all sorts of regularities. The task of the systematics is to discover the true nature and causation of these patterns. Rodents and lagomorphs (rabbit etc.) have rootless gnawing incisors.
It is the task of the systematists to find out the reasons behind the causation of such similarity. Is it due to common descent or due to adaptation to an equivalent adapting zone? All evolutionary processes or phenomenon can only be studied reliably if a sound taxonomic foundation is present.
B. Applied Biology:
The contribution of systematics, both directly and indirectly, has been noticed in applied sciences like medicine, public health, agriculture, conservation, management of natural sources etc.
(a) Epidemiology:
The famous case of epidemiology of malaria, caused by Anopheles maculipennis, was reported throughout Europe, yet malaria was restricted to local districts. Large amounts of money were wasted and yet no one understood the connection between the distribution of the mosquito and that of malaria. Finally, the key to the problem was provided by systematics.
A. maculipennis was found to have a number of sibling species with different habitat preferences and breeding habits. Only some of the maculipennis complex was responsible for the transmission of malaria and that too in a given area. This information allowed control measures to be directed to those spots where they were effective.
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(b) Biological Control:
Another example is the biological control of insect pests. For a brief period it appeared that biological control had become obsolete owing to the success of chemicals (pesticides etc.), Because of the adverse effect of these chemicals on human health applied entomologists had to revert increasingly to biological control.
The work of the taxonomist or systematics is to find out the parasites that attack the various pests (and at which stage of the pest) and thereby the application of these parasites can bring about a successful control of these pests.
(c) Wildlife Management:
We are aware that deforestation and indiscriminate killing of animals have resulted in dis-balance of nature. Many species of plants and animals have become extinct and many are on the road to extinction. Taxonomists have contributed to environmental protection by identifying all such endangered plants and animals that are endangered due to anthropogenic causes.
(d) Determination of sequential events:
Dating of rocks is generally done through radioactive decay, but sedentary rocks can be dated through their enclosed flora and fauna. The taxonomist plays a vital role by identifying such flora and fauna and formulating a clear picture of the geological events. Such work has often been of great value, particularly in the success of oil industries in America.
(e) Environmental problems:
Various environmental problems have been successfully tackled by systematists. Environmental problems such as pollution, leads to the persistence of certain non-biodegradable pollutants in the environment. Tracing the movement of these pollutants in the food chain requires the identification of the various species that constitute the biotic community.
Present advances in systematics have revealed that various species of plants and animals act as indicators of pollution. The identification of such species in a particular location helps in the rapid and inexpensive monitoring of the pollutants that degrade the concerned environment.
(f) Soil fertility:
Many animals and microbes play important role in increasing soil fertility. It is essential to locate such species and detect the role they play in soil fertility, so that such species can be utilised in agricultural management practices.
(g) Introduction of commercially important species:
Based on sound systematics various commercially important species have been established in India and other countries. Correct identification of such species and the role they play in the ecosystem provides useful information for their introduction.
Apis mellifera (the Italian honey bee), Cyprinus carpio (common carp) etc. are some exotic species that have been successfully introduced in India. This has been made possible only through correct identification by the systematists.
C. Theoretical Biology:
Population thinking has come into biology due to taxonomy and systematics. One of the two roots of population genetics is systematics. The problem of multiplication of species was solved by them.
It was systematics who continued to uphold the importance of natural selection when early Mendelian’s thought that mutation had eliminated the role of natural selection as an evolutionary understanding of mimicry, provided the first clear proof of the importance of natural selection in evolution.
The development of ethology and the study of the phylogeny of behaviour were developed by the taxonomist and naturalists. Thus, systematics have contributed to a healthy balance in biological science.