In this article we will discuss about the circulatory system of toad. The circulatory system includes two systems: the blood vascular system (cardio vascular system) and the lymphatic system. Circulatory system is the internal transport mechanism by which nutritive materials, hormones, waste products, carbon dioxide and oxygen are conveyed to the different parts of the body. The cardiovascular system of [...]
In this article we will discuss about the respiratory system of pigeon. The aerial mode of life requires extra energy. In order to get energy, pigeon eats large quantity of food and to break down the assimilated food at a faster rate, the respiratory system is extensively modified. The lungs are proportionately smaller in size, but the functional efficiency is [...]
In this article we will discuss about the exoskeleton and endoskeleton structure of scoliodon. The exoskeleton includes predominantly the scales which are present all over the body. Endoskeleton comprises of the axial and appendicular skeleton. Exoskeleton: The entire surface of the scoliodon body is covered by oblique rows of placoid scales or odontoids (Fig. 1.29). Atypical placoid scale has a [...]